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Source criticism has been applied to several parts of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament).

Source criticism has a long history, and is one of the foundational methodologies of the historical critical method. For full treatment, see biblical literature: Biblical criticism.

Biblical criticism, discipline that studies textual, compositional, and historical questions surrounding the Old and New Testaments. Therefore source criticism and form criticism are crucial in the formation of the Bible in determining the authors’ perspective and the aspects in which those perspectives were derived. It is the oldest method of critical biblical study except for textual criticism.It was initially called higher criticism to distinguish it from lower or textual criticism, then called literary criticism because of its emphasis on written documents. However, this type of study can lend some valuable information. Bible-believing Christians are right to be concerned with the skeptical assumptions of source criticism. The documentary hypothesis considers the sources for the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible), claiming that it derives from four separate sources: the Yahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and Priestly: Source Criticism seeks to identify independent source documents behind the present biblical texts. Source criticism is the tool scholars use to figure out what sources, or materials, biblical authors drew on. For example, Luke clearly states that he used different sources in his Gospel (Luke 1:1-4). A brief treatment of biblical criticism follows. Documentary Hypothesis. Source criticism is a form of study used by some Bible interpreters to help determine potential human sources used to influence or compile the text of a biblical book. When scholars read Genesis 1 and 2 they apply source criticism to explain why there are two very similar stories side by side in the same book, but which contain striking differences. Spinoza's preliminary analysis of the Bible was an early form of this method combined with elements of what would now be termed ‘redaction criticism' (a study of how the documents were edited and came to their final form). Biblical criticism lays the groundwork for meaningful interpretation of the Bible. This field of study came to prominence in the eighteenth century when Jean Astruc used the methods applied in source criticism to Homer's Illiad to the text of Genesis.